Arboviruses epidemic associates with Guillain-Barré syndrome: temporal series in northeast Brazil / Epidemia de arboviroses associada à síndrome de Guillain-Barré: série temporal no nordeste brasileiro / Epidemia de arbovirosis asociada al síndrome de Guillain-Barré: serie temporal en el noreste de Brasil

Arboviruses cause public health problems in several countries, and records show that they can generate central and peripheral neurological complications with permanent sequelae. However, it is not certain which arbovirus is responsible for outbreaks of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), especially in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify if there is a coincidence between the GBS outbreak and the most common arboviruses in Northeastern Brazil, as well as their relationship. An ecological time series study was designed with the federative units of Northeastern Brazil, using hospitalizations for Guillain-Barré syndrome and notifications of arbovirus infections between 2014 and 2019 as a data source. Distribution incidence curves were constructed for the conditions studied, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were applied to estimate the relationship between arboviruses and Guillain-Barré. The results showed a similar distribution for the incidences of Chikungunya virus (z=7.82; p=0.001), Zika virus (z=3.69; p=0.03), and Guillain-Barré syndrome (z=2.98; p=0.05) from 2014 to 2019. The GEE model revealed that the distribution of Chikungunya incidence is associated with the distribution of GBS incidence in each year (x2Wald=3,969; p=0.046). This pattern was repeated in seven of the nine states, while the Zika virus had a significant relationship with GBS in only two states. The outbreak of GBS in Northeastern Brazil appears to be probabilistically related to outbreaks of the Chikungunya virus.

As arboviroses são problemas de saúde pública em vários países e há registros de que podem produzir complicações neurológicas centrais e periféricas com sequelas permanentes. Entretanto, não se sabe ao certo qual delas é realmente responsável pelos surtos da Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), principalmente no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo é verificar se há coincidência entre o surto de SGB e as arboviroses mais comuns no Nordeste do Brasil e suas relações. Foi desenhado um estudo ecológico de série temporal com as unidades federativas do Nordeste do Brasil, adotando como fonte de dados as internações Guillain-Barré e as notificações de infecções por arbovírus entre 2014 e 2019. Curvas de distribuição de incidência foram construídas para as condições estudadas, e foram aplicados modelos de equações generalizadas estimadas (GEE) para estimar a relação entre arbovírus e Guillain-Barré. Evidencia-se que há distribuição semelhante para as incidências do vírus Chikungunya (z=7,82; p=0,001), vírus Zika (z=3,69; p=0,03) e síndrome de Guillain-Barré (z=2,98; p=0,05) entre 2014 e 2019. O modelo GEE revelou que a distribuição da incidência de Chikungunya está associada à distribuição da incidência de SGB em cada ano (x2Wald=3,969; p=0,046). Esse padrão se repetiu em sete dos nove estados, enquanto o zika vírus teve uma relação significativa com o GBS em apenas dois estados. Conclui-se, então, que o surto de SGB no Nordeste do Brasil parece estar probabilisticamente relacionado aos surtos do vírus Chikungunya.

Los arbovirus causan problemas de salud pública en varios países y, según indican los reportes, pueden producir complicaciones neurológicas centrales y periféricas con secuelas permanentes. Sin embargo, no se sabe cuál de ellos es realmente el responsable de los brotes del síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), especialmente en Brasil. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es verificar si existen coincidencias entre el brote del SGB y los arbovirus más comunes en el Noreste de Brasil y sus asociaciones. Se diseñó un estudio de series temporales ecológico en las unidades federativas del Noreste de Brasil, adoptando como fuente de datos las hospitalizaciones y las notificaciones de arbovirosis de Guillain-Barré entre 2014 y 2019. Se construyeron curvas de distribución de incidencia para las condiciones científicas, y se aplicó una ecuación estimada generalizada (GEE) para estimar la relación entre arbovirus y Guillain-Barré. Se encontró que existe una distribución similar en las incidencias de virus del chikunguña (z=7,82; p=0,001), virus del Zika (z=3,69; p=0,03) y síndrome de Guillain-Barré (z =2,98; p=0,05) entre 2014 y 2019. El modelo GEE reveló que la distribución de la incidencia de chikunguña está asociada con la distribución de la incidencia de SGB en cada año (x2Wald=3,969; p=0,046). Este patrón se repitió en siete de los nueve estados, mientras que el virus del Zika presentó una relación significativa con el SGB en solo dos estados. El brote del SGB en el Noreste de Brasil parece estar relacionado probabilísticamente con los brotes del virus del chikunguña.

"Clock dial pattern", a radiologic clue to neuro-chikungunya diagnosis: a case series / "Padrão em ponteiro de relógio", uma dica radiológica para o diagnóstico de neurochikungunya: série de casos

Abstract Background Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and can lead to neurological complications in severe cases. Objective This study examined neuroimaging patterns in chikungunya cases during two outbreaks in Brazil to identify specific patterns for diagnosis and treatment of neuro-chikungunya. Methods Eight patients with confirmed chikungunya and neurological involvement were included. Clinical examinations and MRI scans were performed, and findings were analyzed by neuroradiologists. Data on age, sex, neurological symptoms, diagnostic tests, MRI findings, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results Patients showed different neuroimaging patterns. Six patients exhibited a "clock dial pattern" with hyperintense dotted lesions in the spinal cord periphery. One patient had thickening and enhancement of anterior nerve roots. Brain MRI revealed multiple hyperintense lesions in the white matter, particularly in the medulla oblongata, in six patients. One patient had a normal brain MRI. Conclusion The "clock dial pattern" observed in spinal cord MRI may be indicative of chikungunya-related nervous system lesions. Isolated involvement of spinal cord white matter in chikungunya can help differentiate it from other viral infections. Additionally, distinct brainstem involvement in chikungunya-associated encephalitis, particularly in the rostral region, sets it apart from other arboviral infections. Recognizing these neuroimaging patterns can contribute to early diagnosis and appropriate management of neuro-chikungunya.

Resumo Antecedentes A chikungunya é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos causada pelo vírus chikungunya (CHIKV) e pode levar a complicações neurológicas em casos graves. Objetivo Este estudo examinou padrões de neuroimagem em casos de chikungunya durante dois surtos no Brasil para identificar padrões específicos para o diagnóstico e tratamento de neurochikungunya. Métodos Oito pacientes com chikungunya confirmada e envolvimento neurológico foram incluídos. Exames clínicos e ressonâncias magnéticas (RM) foram realizados, e os achados foram analisados por neurorradiologistas. Dados sobre idade, sexo, sintomas neurológicos, testes diagnósticos, achados de RM e desfechos clínicos foram registrados. Resultados Os pacientes apresentaram diferentes padrões de neuroimagem. Seis pacientes apresentaram um "padrão de mostrador de relógio" com lesões pontilhadas hiperintensas na periferia da medula espinhal. Um paciente apresentou espessamento e realce das raízes nervosas anteriores. A RM do cérebro revelou múltiplas lesões hiperintensas na substância branca, especialmente no bulbo em seis pacientes. Um paciente apresentou uma RM cerebral normal. Conclusão O "padrão de mostrador de relógio" observado na RM da medula espinhal pode ser indicativo de lesões do sistema nervoso relacionadas à chikungunya. O envolvimento isolado da substância branca da medula espinhal na chikungunya pode ajudar a diferenciá-la de outras infecções virais. Além disso, o envolvimento distinto do tronco cerebral na encefalite associada à chikungunya, especialmente na região rostral, a distingue de outras infecções por arbovírus. O reconhecimento desses padrões de neuroimagem pode contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e manejo adequado da neurochikungunya.

Does a patient with acquired arbovirus infection have a hearing impairment? A scoping review of hearing changes in an adult with Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika

Abstract Objectives To identify and understand the evidence regarding hearing changes related to acquired Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika virus infection in adult individuals. Methods A scoping review was performed according to the recommendations of The Joanna Briggs Institute and guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews in the Embase, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without restriction on language and year of publication. Case studies, observational studies, and clinical trials reporting hearing loss in adult subjects (>18-60 years of age) of both sexes with DENV, CHIKV, or ZIKV diagnosed by positive molecular/serological examination by RT-PCR or IgM/IgG by ELISA method were included. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. The occurrence of auditory symptoms caused by arboviroses and the presence of permanent or transient sensorineural hearing loss was variable in adults. Conclusions Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika infections in adults are associated with a variety of auditory symptoms. The frequency of permanent or transient sensorineural hearing loss is low but not negligible.

Vacunas contra el virus chikungunya: avances y perspectivas

El virus chikungunya (CHIKV) es un alfavirus cuya infección provoca una enfermedad caracterizada principalmente por fiebre y dolores articulares/musculares. Entre 25-50% de las infecciones se presentan con enfermedad crónica que puede durar de meses a años. El primer brote de CHIKV en Paraguay corresponde al año 2015, siendo el último en el año 2022/2023. Diversos candidatos vacunales contra CHIKV se encuentran en diferentes etapas de desarrollo, e incluso recientemente (noviembre/2023) fue aprobada la primera vacuna contra CHIKV llamada VLA1553 (Ixchiq). Adicionalmente, al menos 30 candidatos vacunales se encuentran en ensayos preclínicos/clínicos. Con la aprobación de la primera vacuna contra CHIKV y la posibilidad de otras que lleguen al mercado prontamente, debido al estado avanzado de otros candidatos vacunales, se abrirá un nuevo escenario en esta enfermedad. Se espera que la introducción de vacunas efectivas genere un avance importante para la prevención de esta enfermedad, disminuyendo los casos agudos y los efectos crónicos de la infección por el virus. En este trabajo de revisión se analiza el avance de las vacunas contra CHIKV, además de examinar los desafíos de vigilancia epidemiológica que plantean la introducción de estas vacunas.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that causes an illness characterized mainly by fever and joint/muscle pain. Between 25-50% of infections present with chronic diseases that can last from months to years. The first outbreak of CHIKV in Paraguay occurred in 2015, with the last outbreak occurring in 2022/2023. Several vaccine candidates against CHIKV are in different stages of development, and even recently (November/2023), the first vaccine against CHIKV, called VLA1553 (Ixchiq), was approved. In addition, at least 30 vaccine candidates are available for preclinical and clinical trials. With the approval of the first vaccine against CHIKV and the possibility of others coming to the market soon, due to the advanced status of other vaccine candidates, a new scenario will open for this disease. The introduction of effective vaccines is expected to generate an important advance in the prevention of this disease, reducing acute cases and the chronic effects of viral infection. This review analyzes the progress of CHIKV vaccines and examines the epidemiological surveillance challenges posed by the introduction of these vaccines.

Review of dengue, zika and chikungunya infections in nervous system in endemic areas / Revisão da infecção por dengue, zika e chikungunya no sistema nervoso em áreas endêmicas

Abstract Dengue, zika, and chikungunya are arboviruses of great epidemiological relevance worldwide. The emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by mosquitoes constitute a serious human public health problem. The neurological manifestations caused by these viruses have a high potential for death or sequelae. The complications that occur in the nervous system associated with arboviruses can be a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. In endemic areas, suspected cases should include acute encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, and/or other syndromes of the central or peripheral nervous system, in the absence of a known explanation. The confirmation diagnosis is based on viral (isolation or RT-PCR) or antigens detection in tissues, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluids, increase in IgG antibody titers between paired serum samples, specific IgM antibody in cerebrospinal fluid and serological conversion to IgM between paired serum samples (non-reactive in the acute phase and reactive in the convalescent). The cerebrospinal fluid examination can demonstrate: 1. etiological agent; 2. inflammatory reaction or protein-cytological dissociation depending on the neurological condition; 3. specific IgM, 4. intrathecal synthesis of specific IgG (dengue and chikungunya); 5. exclusion of other infectious agents. The treatment of neurological complications aims to improve the symptoms, while the vaccine represents the great hope for the control and prevention of neuroinvasive arboviruses. This narrative review summarizes the updated epidemiology, general features, neuropathogenesis, and neurological manifestations associated with dengue, zika, and chikungunya infection.

Resumo Dengue, zika e chikungunya são arboviroses de grande relevância epidemiológica em todo o mundo. A emergência e reemergência dessas infecções virais transmitidas por mosquitos constituem um grave problema de saúde pública humana. As manifestações neurológicas causadas por esses vírus têm alto potencial de morte ou sequelas. As complicações que ocorrem no sistema nervoso associadas às arboviroses podem representar um desafio diagnóstico e de tratamento. Em áreas endêmicas, casos suspeitos devem incluir encefalite, mielite, encefalomielite, polirradiculoneurite e/ou outras síndromes do sistema nervoso central ou periférico, na ausência de explicação conhecida. Caso confirmado de arbovirose neuroinvasivo é baseado na detecção viral (isolamento ou RT-PCR) ou de antígenos em tecidos, sangue, líquido cefalorraquidiano ou outros fluidos corporais, aumento dos títulos de anticorpos IgG entre amostras de soro pareadas, anticorpo IgM específico no líquido cefalorraquidiano e conversão sorológica para IgM entre amostras de soro pareadas. O exame do líquido cefalorraquidiano pode demonstrar: 1. agente etiológico; 2. reação inflamatória ou dissociação proteico-citológica, dependendo do quadro neurológico; 3. valor absoluto de IgM específica; 4. síntese intratecal de anticorpos IgG específicos (dengue e chikungunya); 5. exclusão de outros agentes infecciosos. O tratamento das complicações neurológicas visa melhorar os sintomas, enquanto a vacina representa a grande esperança para o controle e a prevenção das arboviroses neuroinvasivas. Esta revisão narrativa resume a atualização da epidemiologia, características gerais, neuropatogênese e manifestações neurológicas associadas à infecção pelos vírus da dengue, zika e chikungunya.

Pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, pain intensity, and symptoms of central sensitization negatively impact individual's disability after Chikungunya fever: cross-sectional study / Interferência da dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático, intensidade da dor e sintomas de sensibilização central afetam negativamente a capacidade funcional dos indivíduos após a febre Chicungunha: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Particular pain features, such as pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, and central sensitization (CS) symptoms may be present in patients with Chikungunya fever and lead to functional limitations. The present study aimed to assess the association between pain characteristics and the disability in participants affected by Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 36 participants who filled out a sociodemographic, pain characteristics (pain interference - Brief Pain Inventory, neuropathic-like symptoms - PainDETECT Questionnaire, and CS-related signs and symptoms - Central Sensitization Inventory) and disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) questionnaires. The Spearman correlation test (rho) verified the relationship between the outcomes. RESULTS: Most of the participants were female (77%), with a mean age of 43 years. Twenty-seven (75%) participants presented nociceptive pain and 11 (30%) had central sensitization symptoms. There was a high positive correlation between the presence of neuropathic-like symptoms and disability (rho=0.71; p<0.001) and pain intensity and disability (rho=0.76; p<0.001). A moderate positive correlation was found between the central sensitization symptoms and disability (rho=0.51; p=0.002). Moreover, there is a low positive correlation between pain interference in an individual's life and disability (rho=0.34; p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Patients in chronic phase of Chikungunya fever revealed mild pain intensity and predominance of nociceptive pain. Pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, and central sensitization symptoms negatively impact individual's disability after Chikungunya fever.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Características particulares da dor, como interferência da dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático e sintomas de sensibilização central (SC), podem estar presentes em pacientes com febre Chicungunha e levar a limitações funcionais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre as características da dor e a capacidade funcional em participantes acometidos pela febre Chicungunha na fase crônica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 36 participantes que preencheram questionários sociodemográficos, de características de dor (interferência da dor - Inventário Breve de Dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático - questionário PainDETECT, e sinais e sintomas relacionados à SC - Inventário de Sensibilização Central) e de capacidade funcional (Health Assessment Questionnaire). O teste de correlação de Spearman (rho) verificou a relação entre os desfechos. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (77%), com média de idade de 43 anos. Vinte e sete (75%) participantes apresentaram dor nociceptiva e 11 (30%) apresentaram sintomas de sensibilização central. Houve alta correlação positiva entre a presença de sintomas do tipo neuropático e capacidade funcional (rho=0,71; p<0,001) e intensidade da dor e capacidade funcional (rho=0,76; p<0,001). Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva moderada entre os sintomas de sensibilização central e a capacidade funcional (rho=0,51; p=0,002). Além disso, há uma correlação positiva baixa entre a interferência da dor na vida do indivíduo e a capacidade funcional (rho=0,34; p=0,041). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em fase crônica da febre Chicungunha apresentaram intensidade de dor leve e predominância de dor nociceptiva. A interferência da dor, os sintomas do tipo neuropático e os sintomas de sensibilização central afetam negativamente a capacidade funcional do indivíduo após a febre Chicungunha.

Computer-Aided vaccine design for selected positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses

Spontaneous mutations and lack of replication fidelity in positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA virus) result in emergence of genetic variants with diverse viral morphogenesis and surface proteins that affect its antigenicity. This high mutability in +ssRNA viruses has induced antiviral drug resistance and ability to overcome vaccines that subsequently resulted in rapid viral evolution and high mortality rate in human and livestock. Computer aided vaccine design and immunoinformatics play a crucial role in expediting the vaccine production protocols, antibody production and identifying suitable immunogenic regions or epitopes from the genome sequences of the pathogens. T cell and B cell epitopes can be identified in pathogens by immunoinformatics algorithms and methods that enhance the analysis of protective immunity, vaccine safety, immunity modelling and vaccine efficacy. This rapid and cost-effective computational vaccine design promotes development of potential vaccine that could induce immune response in host against rapidly mutating pathogens like +ssRNA viruses. Epitope-based vaccine is a striking concept that has been widely employed in recent years to construct vaccines targeting rapidly mutating +ssRNA viruses. Therefore, the present review provides an overview about the current progress and methodology in computeraided vaccine design for the most notable +ssRNA viruses namely Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus and Coronaviruses. This review also highlights the applications of various immunoinformatics tools for vaccine design and for modelling immune response against +ssRNA viruses.

Spatial analysis of Chikungunya fever incidence and the associated socioeconomic, demographic, and vector infestation factors in municipalities of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015-2021 / Análise espacial da incidência da febre de Chikungunya e dos fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de infestação vetorial associados, em municípios de Pernambuco, Brasil, 2015-2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the spatial patterns of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) and the associated socioeconomic, demographic, and vector infestation factors in the 1st Health Region of Pernambuco (1st HRP). Methods: This ecological study used a spatial analysis of Mean Incidence Rates (MIR) of probable cases of CHIKF reported among residents of the 19 municipalities of the 1st HRP, in 2015-2021. The univariate and bivariate global Moran indexes (I) were estimated. From the significant associations (p<0.05), clusters were identified using the local Moran index and maps. Results: A predominance of the largest CHIKF rates was identified in the east. However, there was a heterogeneous distribution of rates across municipalities, which may have contributed to the absence of spatial autocorrelation of CHIKF (I=0.03; p=0.294) in univariate I. The bivariate I revealed a positive spatial correlation between CHIKF and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.245; p=0.038), but with a cluster of cities with low incidences and low MHDI in the west. There was no spatial correlation between CHIKF and the other variables analyzed: population density, Gini index, social vulnerability index, and building infestation index for Aedes aegypti. Conclusions: The results suggest that only the MHDI influenced the occurrence of CHIKF in the 1st HRP, so that municipalities in the west demonstrated spatial dependence between lower values of MHDI and MIR. However, this spatial correlation may have occurred due to possible underreporting in the area. These findings can assist in the (re)orientation of resources for surveillance and health care services.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar, na Iᵃ Região de Saúde de Pernambuco (Iᵃ RSP), os padrões espaciais da febre de Chikungunya (CHIKF) e os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de infestação vetorial associados. Métodos: Este estudo ecológico utilizou a análise espacial das Taxas Médias de Incidência (TMI) de casos prováveis da CHIKF notificados entre os residentes dos 19 municípios da Iᵃ RSP no período de 2015-2021. Os índices de Moran global (I) univariados e bivariados foram estimados. Das associações significativas (p<0,05), clusters foram localizados por meio do Índice de Moran Local e de mapas. Resultados: Identificou-se predominância das maiores TMI da CHIKF no leste. Entretanto, houve distribuição heterogênea das taxas dos municípios, o que pode ter contribuído para a ausência de autocorrelação espacial da CHIKF (I=0,03; p=0,294) no I univariado. O I bivariado revelou correlação espacial positiva entre a CHIKF e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) (I=0,245; p=0,038), porém com um cluster de cidades com baixas incidências e baixo IDHM no oeste. Não houve correlação espacial entre a CHIKF e as demais variáveis analisadas: densidade demográfica, Índice de Gini, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Índice de Infestação Predial de Aedes aegypti. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que somente o IDHM influenciou na ocorrência da CHIKF na Iᵃ RSP, de forma que municípios do oeste demonstraram dependência espacial entre menores valores de IDHM e TMI. No entanto, essa correlação espacial pode ter ocorrido devido às possíveis subnotificações na área. Tais achados podem auxiliar na (re)orientação de recursos dos serviços de vigilância e assistência à saúde.

Influence of host genetic polymorphisms involved in immune response and their role in the development of Chikungunya disease: a review

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes and can cause significant pathogenicity in humans. Moreover, its importance has increased in the Americas since 2013. The primary vectors for viral delivery are the mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Several factors, including host genetic variations and immune response against CHIKV, influence the outcomes of Chikungunya disease. This work aimed to gather information about different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that influence the host immune response during an infection by CHIKV. The viral characteristics, disease epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and immune response against CHIKV are also addressed. The main immune molecules related to this arboviral disease elucidated in this review are TLR3/7/8, DC-SIGN, HLA-DRB1/HLA-DQB1, TNF, IL1RN, OAS2/3, and CRP. Advances in knowledge about the genetic basis of the immune response during CHIKV infection are essential for expanding the understanding of disease pathophysiology, providing new genetic markers for prognosis, and identifying molecular targets for the development of new drug treatments.

Establishment of qRT-PCR for absolute quantitative detection of Chikungunya virus / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To develop a real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) method for qualitative and quantitative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) analysis. Methods Based on the systematic analysis of the genomic sequences of Chikungunya and its related arboviruses, the specific nucleic acid sequences for Chikungunya virus were screened and identified, and then the primers and TaqMan probe were designed. Meanwhile, the human GAPDH gene was used as an internal reference. The reaction system for qRT-PCR was systematically optimized by L9(34) orthogonal design, and a rapid detection method for Chikungunya by qRT-PCR based on TaqMan probe methods was established. The sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and coverage of the established method were analyzed in detail. The standard curve was made, and the absolute quantitative method was established using the cloned nucleic acid fragments as positive samples. Results　A real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR assay was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Chikungunya virus. The reaction system included Chikungunya virus and reference internal gene specific primers and probe, RT/Taq enzyme mixture, reaction buffer, and negative and positive reference. The established method obtained positive results with the ROSS strain of ECSA subtype, LR2006 strain of IOL branch, 181/25 strain of Asian type and Dongguan 2010 epidemic strains of Chikungunya virus, but there was no cross-reaction with other 18 arboviruses belonging to Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses and Bunyavirus. The minimum detection limit of the established method was 5.80 copies/mL, and a linear relationship was observed between the amount of input plasmid DNA and fluorescence signal value over a range of 5.80×102 copies/mL to 5.80×1010 copies/mL, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999 5. The qRT-PCR amplification efficiency was 91%, and the intra-assay variations and inter-assay variations were 0.01-0.07 and 0.03-0.11, respectively. Conclusions　The TaqMan qRT-PCR method developed in this study can qualitatively and quantitatively detect Chikungunya virus rapidly with specificity and sensitivity, providing a technical method for the prevention and control of this viral disease.

Artralgias persistentes luego de infección por virus Chikungunya / Persistent arthralgia after Chikungunya virus infection

Introducción: el virus Chikungunya (CHIKV) es un virus ARN que se transmite a través de mosquitos; se asocia a manifestaciones articulares, tanto en fases agudas, como también a síntomas persistentes articulares pasada la infección. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia informada de artritis reumatoidea (AR) en la infección por CHIKV en sus diferentes fases (aguda, subaguda crónica) y la persistencia de artralgias en la fase crónica. Materiales y métodos: revisión bibliográfica, no sistemática, de artículos científicos publicados desde 2001 hasta 2022, en inglés y español, en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs y Scielo. No se hicieron restricciones en base al tipo de estudio. Se revisaron los resúmenes y, en caso de ser necesario, se evaluaron los artículos completos teniendo en cuenta para su selección los trabajos que describían la asociación de CHIKV AR en la infección por CHIKV en sus diferentes fases (aguda, subaguda y crónica) y la persistencia de artralgias en la fase crónica. Para la búsqueda de artículos en los diferentes motores de búsqueda se emplearon las siguientes ecuaciones de búsqueda: "Chikungunya virus" y "arthritis"; "Chikungunya virus" y "persistent arthralgias". Como criterio de inclusión, se aplicaron los artículos que mencionaban la infección en adultos y describieran la presencia de AR en la infección por CHIKV en sus diferentes fases (aguda, subaguda y crónica) y la persistencia de artralgias en la fase crónica. Luego de la búsqueda inicial, se seleccionaron 26 artículos que se consideraron relevantes para esta revisión. De los 26 artículos seleccionados, siete fueron revisiones bibliográficas no sistémicas, seis estudios preclínicos (tres en ratones, dos de secuenciación viral y uno de inmunidad celular), cuatro estudios corte transversal descriptivos, cuatro longitudinales prospectivos, dos estudios retrospectivos, una revisión sistémica con metaanálisis, una guía de práctica clínica y una serie de casos clínicos. Resultados: la prevalencia informada de pacientes con AR por CHIKV que progresan a una etapa crónica varía de 4,1 a 78,6%. Las rodillas, tobillos, codos, muñecas y articulaciones metacarpofalángicas son las articulaciones más frecuentemente comprometidas en la fase crónica. El mecanismo por el cual el CHIKV se induce la AR crónica aún está en investigación, y es la persistencia del virus en macrófagos y el mimetismo molecular las teorías más aceptadas hasta el momento. Con respecto al desarrollo de AR en pacientes luego de la infección por CHIKV, no hay a la fecha una postura definida. Existe consenso respecto a que la AR es la enfermedad reumática inflamatoria más frecuentemente encontrada en pacientes recuperados de CHIKV. Dos estudios demostraron que entre un 5 y un 36% de los pacientes que fueron evaluados por artralgias post-CHIKV cumplían criterios del American College of Rheumatology (ACR 2010) de AR. Conclusiones: el compromiso musculoesquelético, principalmente las artralgias crónicas son una manifestación frecuente en un gran número de pacientes recuperados de CHIKV. Si bien hay discrepancia entre los diferentes autores, existe una prevalencia aproximada del 30% de síntomas articulares crónicos posteriores a la infección viral. En general, el compromiso es poliarticular, simétrico y afecta principalmente a las articulaciones de la mano y las rodillas. Deben realizarse más investigaciones y estudios para establecer guías de abordaje de los pacientes con compromiso articular y antecedentes de infecciones por arbovirus.

Introduction: the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an RNA virus that is transmitted through mosquitoes, which is associated with joint manifestations both in acute phases as well as persistent joint symptoms after the infection. Objectives: to describe the reported prevalence of arthritis in CHIKV infection in its different phases: acute, subacute, chronic, and the persistence of arthralgia in the chronic phase. Materials and methods: non-systematic bibliographic review of scientific articles published from 2001 to 2022, in English and Spanish, in the following databases: Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs, Scielo. No restrictions were made based on the type of study. The abstracts were reviewed and, if necessary, the complete articles were evaluated, taking into account for their selection the works that described the association of the CHIKV virus with arthritis in its different phases: acute, subacute, chronic, and the persistence of arthralgia in the chronic phase. To search for articles in the different search engines, the following search equations were used: "Chikungunya virus" and "arthritis"; "Chikungunya virus" and "persistent arthralgias". Articles that spoke of infection in adults and described the presence of arthritis and chronic arthralgia once the acute and subacute phases, respectively, were applied as inclusion criteria. After the initial search, 26 articles were considered relevant for this review. Of the 26 articles selected, 7 were non-systemic bibliographic reviews, 6 preclinical studies (3 in mice, 2 on viral sequencing and 1 on cellular immunity), 4 descriptive cross-sectional studies, 4 prospective longitudinal, 2 retrospective studies, 1 systemic review with meta-analysis, 1 clinical practice guideline and 1 series of clinical cases. Results: The reported prevalence of patients with CHIKV arthritis progressing to a chronic stage ranges from 4.1 to 78.6%. The knees, ankles, elbows, wrists, and metacarpophalangeal joints are the most frequently involved joints in the chronic phase. The mechanism by which CHIKV induces chronic arthritis remains under investigation, with virus persistence in macrophages and molecular mimicry being the most accepted theories to date. Regarding the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in patients after CHIKV infection, there is no defined position to date. There is consensus that RA is the most frequently found inflammatory rheumatic disease in patients recovered from CHIKV. Two studies have shown that between 5% and 36% of patients who were evaluated for post-CHIKV arthralgia met the 2010 ACR criteria for RA. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal compromise, mainly chronic arthralgia, is a frequent manifestation in a large number of patients recovered from CHIKV. Although there is discrepancy between the different authors, there is an approximate prevalence of 30% of chronic joint symptoms after viral infection. The compromise is generally polyarticular, symmetrical and mainly affects joints of the hand and knees. More research and studies must be carried out in order to establish management guidelines for patients with joint involvement and a history of arbovirus infections.

The impact of Chikungunya chronic arthralgia on women's upper limbs motor function: a cross-sectional study / O impacto da artralgia crônica pós-Chikungunya na função motora dos membros superiores de mulheres: um estudo transversal / El impacto de la artralgia crónica poschikunguña en la función motora del miembro superior de mujeres: un estudio transversal

ABSTRACT Post-Chikungunya chronic arthralgia (PCCA) may lead to musculoskeletal repercussions and functional loss. The objective was to assess the upper limb physical disability and symptoms during daily, work, and leisure activities of women presenting PCCA compared to healthy controls (HC). This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 52 women. The participants were divided into PCCA (37) and HC (15) groups. Handgrip strength, range of motion, level of pain (numerical rating scale), and participants' physical disability and symptoms (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire - DASH) were evaluated. Differences between groups were evaluated using the Students t-test and Pearson's correlations. The chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. The significance was set at α=0.05. The disease duration was 19.5±13.1 months. We found no differences between groups for peak force (PCAA:23.6±7.4kgf; HC: 24.5±6.2kgf; p=0.676). The results showed a significant difference between groups regarding range of motion (PCCA: 63.5±17.3o; HC: 77.2±9.6o), level of hand pain (PCCA: 5.8±2.2; HC: 0.4±1.5), and upper limbs functional levels (PCCA: 44.5±17.4; HC: 16.2±20.5). Participants related severe difficulty or inability to perform tasks such as opening a jar (78.4%), placing objects above head height (48.7%), doing heavy household chores (56.8%), and gardening (51.4%). Impairment in the upper limb physical function in daily, work, and leisure activities shows the higher prevalence in the long-term.

RESUMO A artralgia crônica pós-Chikungunya (ACPC) pode gerar repercussões musculoesqueléticas e perda funcional. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incapacidade física e os sintomas de membros superiores de mulheres com ACPC durante atividades diárias, laborais e de lazer comparadas aos controles saudáveis (CS). Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo transversal conduzido com 52 mulheres. As participantes foram divididas entre os grupos com ACPC (37) e CS (15). Foram avaliados força de preensão, amplitude de movimento (ADM), nível de dor (escala numérica de dor) e incapacidade física e sintomas por meio do Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Dash). Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste t de Student e correlações de Pearson. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para variáveis categóricas e α=0,05 foi estabelecido como nível de significância. Verificou-se que a duração da ACPC foi de 19,5±13,1 meses. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para a força pico (ACPC: 23,6±7,4kgf; CS: 24,5±6,2kgf; p=0,676). Os resultados demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos em termos de ADM (ACPC: 63,5±17,3o; CS: 77,2±9,6o), nível de dor nas mãos (ACPC: 5,8±2,2; CS: 0,4±1,5) e níveis funcionais dos membros superiores (ACPC: 44,5±17,4; CS: 16,2±20,5). As participantes relataram extrema dificuldade ou incapacidade para realizar tarefas como abrir um pote (78,4%), colocar objetos em um local acima da cabeça (48,7%), realizar atividades domésticas pesadas (56,8%) e atividades de jardinagem (51,4%). Conclui-se que a função física dos membros superiores durante as atividades diárias, laborais e de lazer constitui o maior comprometimento apresentado a longo prazo.

RESUMEN La artralgia crónica poschikunguña (ACPC) puede tener como efecto repercusiones musculoesqueléticas y pérdida funcional. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la discapacidad física y los síntomas de miembros superiores de mujeres con ACPC durante las actividades diarias, laborales y de ocio en comparación con controles sanos (CS). Por ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con 52 mujeres. Las participantes se dividieron en los grupos ACPC (37) y CS (15). La fuerza de agarre, el rango de movimiento (ROM), el nivel de dolor (escala numérica de dolor), la discapacidad física y los síntomas se evaluaron mediante el Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Dash). Las diferencias entre los grupos se evaluaron con la aplicación de la prueba t de Student y las correlaciones de Pearson. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para las variables categóricas y se estableció como nivel de significación α=0,05. Se encontró que la duración de la ACPC fue de 19,5±13,1 meses. No hubo diferencia entre los grupos para la fuerza máxima (ACPC: 23,6±7,4kgf; CS: 24,5±6,2kgf; p=0,676). Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa entre los grupos respecto al ROM (ACPC: 63,5±17,3o; CS: 77,2±9,6o), el nivel de dolor en la mano (ACPC: 5,8±2,2; CS: 0,4±1,5) y los niveles funcionales de miembros superiores (ACPC: 44,5±17,4; CS: 16,2±20,5). Las participantes informaron una extrema dificultad o incapacidad para realizar tareas como abrir un frasco (78,4%), poner objetos en un lugar más alto (48,7%), realizar actividades domésticas pesadas (56,8%) y actividades de jardinería (51,4%). Se concluyó que la función física de los miembros superiores durante las actividades diarias, laborales y de ocio constituye el mayor compromiso a largo plazo.

Parálisis facial aislada posterior a infección por virus de chikunguña: un nuevo diagnóstico diferencial / Isolated facial palsy after Chikungunya infection: A novel differential diagnosis

En las últimas décadas, se ha incrementado el reporte de manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas con la infección por el virus de chikunguña. Se informa el caso de un adulto joven previamente sano que presentó parálisis facial izquierda aislada después de una infección reciente por el virus de chikunguña en el trópico colombiano. Se describen aspectos importantes de la fisiopatología del virus y su tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y periférico, y se sugiere considerar este virus en el diagnóstico diferencial de la parálisis facial en pacientes con infección confirmada por el virus de chikunguña en regiones tropicales endémicas o en aquellos con antecedente de viajes recientes a dichas regiones.

A significant raise in the reports of neurological manifestations due to Chikungunya virus has been described worldwide. Here, we describe a case report of a previously healthy young adult who developed isolated left facial palsy after a confirmed Chikungunya virus infection in the Colombian tropics. We suggest considering this virus as a differential diagnosis for facial palsy in patients with confirmed Chikungunya virus infection who live in endemic regions or report a history of recent travel to these regions.

A validated triplex RT-qPCR protocol to simultaneously detect chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses in mosquitoes

Background & objectives: Recently, the incidences of chikungunya, dengue and Zika infections have increased due to globalization and urbanization. It is vital that reliable detection tools become available to assess the viral prevalence within mosquito populations. Methods: Based on the previous publications on clinical diagnosis in human infections, for the first time, we described a customized triplex RT-qPCR protocol for simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus serotypes 1-4 (DENV1-4) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in mosquitoes. Results: In preliminary assessment to determine the specificity and sensitivity of primers and probes, all six targets were detected individually with the following thresholds as indicated by calculated pfu equivalents: 3.96x100 for CHIKV, 3.80x101 for DENV1, 3.20x101 for DENV2, 8.00x10-1 for DENV3, 1.58x100 for DENV4, and 6.20x100 for ZIKV. When tested in a full combination of six targets (CDZ mix), CHIKV, DENV1-4 mix or ZIKV were all detected with the thresholds of 1.32x100 for CHIKV, 3.79x100 for DENV1-4 and 2.06x100 for ZIKV. All targets, individually or in full combination were detected in the mixtures of Aedes aegypti (L.) homogenate and viral lysates. A robust evaluation with three replicates in each of three plates for CHIKV, DENV1-4 and ZIKV individually or in full combination was conducted. In individual assays, CHIKV was detected to 3.96x10-1, DENV1-4 to 1.14x100 and ZIKV to 3.20x100 . In full combination assays, CHIKV was detected to 1.32x10-1, DENV1-4 to 3.79x101 and ZIKV to 1.07x100 . Interpretation & conclusion: This triplex RT-qPCR assay appears to consistently detect all six targets and does not cross react with Ae. aegypti homogenate, making it a feasible, practical, and immediately adoptable protocol for use among vector control and other entities, particularly in the endemic areas of CHIKV, DENVs and ZIKV.

Clinical and radiological manifestations of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with the main arboviruses / Manifestaciones clínicas y radiográficas de la encefalomielitis aguda diseminada asociada a los principales Arbovirus

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute and inflammatory neuropathic disease that causes demyelination, predominantly affecting the white matter. Clinical manifestations of ADEM may be associated with the arboviruses zika fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya. Objective: The aim of the present study was to carry out a bibliographical survey about the clinical manifestations and radiological findings of ADEM after infection with dengue, zika, and chikungunya viruses, as well as their correlation. Methods: MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published between 2010 and 2020, written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, about the occurrence of ADEM in patients affected by zika fever, dengue fever, or chikungunya. The search yielded articles that demonstrated the occurrence of five cases of ADEM associated with zika fever, ten cases post-infection with the dengue virus cases, and two cases related to chikungunya. Conclusions: The most common initial clinical presentations of ADEM were fever, nausea and/or vomiting, myalgia, headache, skin rashes, and arthralgia. The main neurological symptoms reported were changes in the level of consciousness, pyramidal signs, tonic-clonic seizures, visual changes, and urinary disorders. The most common radiological findings were T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), affecting mainly the subcortical and central white matter. It is highlighted the importance of monitoring patients with dengue fever, zika fever, or chikungunya to identify clinical manifestations of ADEM that may contribute to an early and correct diagnosis of this encephalomyelitis, and, consequently, to intervene and obtain better patient prognosis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La encefalomielitis diseminada aguda (EMDA) es una enfermedad neuropática aguda e inflamatoria que provoca desmielinización, y afecta predominantemente la materia blanca. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la EMDA pueden estar asociadas a los arbovirus Zika, dengue y chikungunya. Objetivo: Realizar una encuesta bibliográfica sobre las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos radiográficos de la EMDA después de la infección por los virus del dengue, del Zika y del chikungunya, así como su correlación. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda, en las bases de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science y Scopus, de artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2020, escritos en inglés, español y portugués, sobre la aparición de EMDA en pacientes afectados por la fiebre del Zika, la fiebre del dengue o del chikungunya. Se hallaron artículos que demostraron la ocurrencia de cinco casos de EMDA asociados con la fiebre del Zika, diez casos posteriores a la infección por el virus del dengue y dos casos relacionados con el chikungunya. Conclusiones: Las presentaciones clínicas iniciales más comunes de EMDA fueron fiebre, náuseas o vómitos, mialgia, dolor de cabeza, erupciones cutáneas y artralgia. Los principales síntomas neurológicos reportados fueron cambios en el nivel de conciencia, signos piramidales, convulsiones tónico-clónicas, cambios visuales y trastornos urinarios. Los hallazgos radiográficos más comunes fueron lesiones hiperintensas T2/FLAIR en imágenes de resonancia magnética. Estas lesiones afectaron principalmente la subcortical y la materia blanca central. Se destaca la importancia de la vigilancia de los pacientes con dengue, Zika o chikungunya para identificar las manifestaciones clínicas de la EMDA que puedan contribuir a un diagnóstico precoz y correcto de esta encefalomielitis y, por consiguiente, para intervenir y obtener un mejor pronóstico del paciente.

Síntesis de evidencia: Directrices para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del dengue, el chikunguña y el zika en la Región de las Américas / Evidence synthesis: guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of dengue, chikungunya, and zika in the Region of the Americas / Síntese de evidências: diretrizes para o diagnóstico e o tratamento da dengue, chikungunya e zika na Região das Américas

RESUMEN Introducción. El dengue, el chikunguña y el zika son enfermedades virales que representan una amenaza constante a la salud pública. Las tres arbovirosis pueden producir un cuadro clínico muy similar, lo que representa un desafío para lograr un diagnóstico clínico adecuado y puede conllevar a un inadecuado manejo y generar eventos fatales. La guía Directrices para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del dengue, el chikunguña y el zika es parte del esfuerzo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y los países de la Región de las Américas para evitar los casos graves y la muerte por estas enfermedades, en medio de un complejo panorama epidemiológico donde la presencia de múltiples factores favorece la dinámica de transmisión y ocasiona brotes y epidemias en los países de la Región. Objetivos. Sintetizar las recomendaciones incluidas en dicha guía, publicada por la OPS en 2022, con el fin de presentar el adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas arbovirosis y abordar aspectos sobre la implementación de las recomendaciones. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis de la guía y sus recomendaciones. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Pubmed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos y literatura gris de estudios desarrollados en América Latina y el Caribe con el fin de identificar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias de implementación. Se identificaron y construyeron indicadores de proceso y de resultado de la implementación de las recomendaciones. Resultados. Se presentan 12 recomendaciones aplicables a pacientes adultos y pediátricos con sospecha o confirmación de dengue, chikunguña o zika. Se presentan barreras, facilitadores y estrategias para su implementación. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones proveen estrategias para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportunos de casos agudos de dengue, chikunguña y zika, así como consideraciones para su implementación.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are viral diseases that pose a constant threat to public health. These three arboviruses can produce very similar clinical pictures, which represents a challenge to achieving an accurate clinical diagnosis and can lead to inadequate management and even fatal outcomes. Guidelines for the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika is part of the effort by the Pan American Health Organization and the countries of the Region of the Americas to prevent severe cases and death from these diseases, in a complex epidemiological context in which multiple factors favor transmission dynamics and lead to outbreaks and epidemics in the countries of the Region. Objectives. Synthesize the recommendations in the PAHO guidelines, published in 2022, in order to present appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these arboviruses, and to address aspects of implementation of the recommendations. Methods. The guidelines and their recommendations were synthesized. In addition, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, and gray literature for studies done in the Region of the Americas, in order to identify barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies. Process and outcome indicators for implementation of the recommendations were identified and formulated. Results. We present 12 recommendations applicable to adult and pediatric patients with suspected or confirmed dengue, chikungunya, or Zika, along with barriers, facilitators, and strategies for their implementation. Conclusions. The recommendations provide strategies for timely diagnosis and treatment of acute cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, as well as considerations for implementation of the strategies.

RESUMO Introdução. Dengue, chikungunya e zika são doenças virais que representam uma ameaça constante à saúde pública. As três arboviroses podem produzir um quadro clínico muito semelhante, o que representa um desafio para se obter um diagnóstico clínico adequado, podendo levar a um manejo inadequado e eventos fatais. O documento Diretrizes para o diagnóstico e o tratamento da dengue, chikungunya e zika faz parte do esforço da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e dos países da Região das Américas para prevenir casos graves e mortes por essas doenças, em meio a um complexo panorama epidemiológico onde a presença de múltiplos fatores favorece a dinâmica de transmissão e causa surtos e epidemias nos países da Região. Objetivos. Sintetizar as recomendações do documento mencionado, publicado pela OPAS em 2022, a fim de apresentar o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados dessas arboviroses e abordar aspectos da implementação das recomendações. Métodos. Foi realizada uma síntese do documento e suas recomendações. Além disso, foi feita uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos e na literatura cinzenta de estudos realizados na América Latina e no Caribe para identificar barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias de implementação. Foram identificados e construídos indicadores de processo e de resultado da implementação das recomendações. Resultados. Apresentam-se 12 recomendações aplicáveis a pacientes adultos e pediátricos com suspeita ou confirmação de dengue, chikungunya ou zika. Apresentam-se, ainda, barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias para sua implementação. Conclusões. As recomendações fornecem estratégias para o diagnóstico e o tratamento oportunos de casos agudos de dengue, chikungunya e zika, bem como considerações para sua implementação.

Complete genome analysis of a Chikungunya virus imported into Tianjin, China / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To study the characteristics and evolution of the whole genome sequence of an imported Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) case in Tianjin, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the surveillance and control of CHIKV.Methods:The serum specimen of CHIKV was collected at Tianjin Second People's Hospital, on November 4th, 2019, and the viral RNA was extracted. Eleven overlapping primers were used to amplify the complete genome of CHIKV by RT-PCR. The amplification products were then subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina Miniseq platform.Results:The complete genome sequence of the Tianjin CHIKV obtained had similarities ranging from 92.72% to 99.86% with other Chinese isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Tianjin CHIKV belonged to the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL), East/Central/South African (ECSA) cluster, consistent with most strains from China. The Tianjin CHIKV is most similar (99.74%) to a Pakistan strain. Compared with the reference strain S27, 37 non-structural and 28 structural protein amino acid substitutions had been detected in Tianjin CHIKV genome, including two key site mutations, E1-D284E and E2-I211T, in accordance with other strains in the ECSA cluster. Besides, Tianjin CHIKV possessed two point virulent residues at position 12 and 82 in E2, and also a nsP3-R524Opal nonsense mutation.Conclusions:Tianjin CHIKV showed stronger virulence and greater transmissibility in Aedes albopictus. Therefore, the surveillance and monitoring of CHIKV in China should be strengthened.

Ocular manifestations of Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase / Manifestações oculares na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify ocular manifestations in patients with Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase and describe their sociodemographic profile. Methods: Patients with serologic confirmation of Chikungunya infection were included in this transverse study. All subjects underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation, including specific lacrimal function tests (tear break-up time test, Schirmer test, and lissamine green). Results: Overall, 64 eyes of 32 patients were evaluated. Most patients were women (71.9%), with the mean age of 50.0 ±13.7 years. The mean interval between serologic confirmation and the examination was 12.7 ±7.7 months. Twenty patients (62%) presented with dry eye. No statistically significant association was observed between dry eye and infection diagnosis time (p=0.5546), age (p=0.9120), sex (p=1.00), race (p=0.2269), arthralgia in acute infection (p=0.7930), retro-orbital pain (p=0.3066), and conjunctivitis (p=1.00). Conclusion: Dry eye was the most prevalent manifestation observed. No signs of intraocular inflammation and affected visual acuity were observed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar manifestações oculares em pacientes na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya e descrever seu perfil sociodemográfico. Métodos: Estudo transversal com a inclusão de pacientes com confirmação sorológica de febre Chikungunya. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo testes específicos de função lacrimal (teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer e teste da lissamina verde). Resultados: Foram avaliados 64 olhos de 32 pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino (71,9%) e a idade média foi 50,0 ±13,7 anos. O intervalo médio entre a confirmação sorológica e o exame oftalmológico foi de 12,7 ±7,7 meses. Vinte pacientes (62%) apresentaram olho seco. Não houve significância estatística na associação entre olho seco e o tempo de diagnóstico da infecção (p=0,5546), idade (p=0,9120), sexo (p=1,00), raça (p=0,2269), artralgia durante a infecção aguda (p=0,7930), dor retro-orbitária (p=0,3066) e conjuntivite (p=1,00). Conclusão: A presença de olho seco foi a manifestação mais prevalente observada. Não foram observa dos sinais de inflamação intraocular ou baixa acuidade visual.

Chikungunya associated vulvitis: case report and literature review / Vulvite associada a Chikungunya: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Introduction: Chikungunya virus is spreading worldwide due to migration and globalization and could be presented with systemic and with unusual symptoms. Objective: To report a case of virus-transmitted infection detected in a woman during the gynecological examination at a vulvar clinic. Case report: A 73-year-old Caucasian woman attended a vulvar clinic because of dyspareunia and vulvar burning. Ulcers were observed on labia minora and perineum. A Chikungunya was diagnosed by seroconversion in paired specimens. She was prescribed prednisolone 40 mg once a day for 10 days. After oral steroid treatment, the woman had no body rashes or lesions on her genitals. Conclusion: This study emphasized that rare signs of unusual vulvitis with ulcers could be associated with Chikungunya infection.

Introdução: O vírus Chikungunya está se espalhando pelo mundo por conta da migração e da globalização, podendo apresentar sintomas sistêmicos e incomuns. Objetivo: Relatar um caso de infecção pelo vírus detectado em uma mulher por ocasião do exame ginecológico em clínica de patologia vulvar. Relato do caso: Uma mulher caucasiana de 73 anos foi a uma clínica vulvar por causa de dispareunia e queimação vulvar. Úlceras foram observadas nos pequenos lábios e no períneo. O diagnóstico de Chikungunya foi realizado por soroconversão em espécimes pareados. Foi prescrita prednisolona 40 mg uma vez ao dia por dez dias. Após o tratamento com esteróides orais, a mulher não apresentou erupções ou lesões nos órgãos genitais. Conclusão: Este estudo enfatizou que quadros raros de vulvite com úlcera podem estar associados à infecção por Chikungunya.

Comunicação na prevenção e controle de dengue, chikungunya e Zika: um panorama analisado junto à população brasileira / Communication in prevention and control to dengue, chikungunya, and zika: a panorama analyzed with the brazilian population / Comunicación en la prevención y control del dengue, chikungunya y zika: un panorama analizado con la población brasileña

Objetivo: Compreender a comunicação na prevenção de arboviroses no Brasil por meio da análise da percepção de comunidades de 17 municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras sobre as campanhas audiovisuais veiculadas pelo Ministério da Saúde sobre dengue, chikungunya e Zika no período de 2014 a 2018. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, que articula as pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e ação. Associando-se à pesquisa-ação a participação coletiva de debate entre os sujeitos, que se expressam, escutam seus pares e a si mesmos por meio do exercício reflexivo. Adotou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Os diálogos gravados, foram transcritos, categorizados e interpretados. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias de análise: Forma de acesso ao conteúdo das campanhas de comunicação; Natureza estética das mensagens analisadas; Identificação com o público, situações e mensagens das campanhas; e, Avaliação da qualidade do material no cumprimento de seus objetivos. Conclusões: Observou-se a necessidade de descentralizar ações de comunicação, investindo em estratégias interpessoais e comunitárias considerando contextos locais. Considera-se que o alerta de perigo é importante em situações de riscos, mas faltam habilidades aos comunicadores envolvidos. A população entende que campanhas direcionadas são mais efetivas, todavia demanda estratégias mais informativas e educativas para prevenção de arboviroses. (AU)

Objective: To understand communication in the prevention of arboviruses in Brazil through the analysis of the perception of communities in 17 municipalities in the five Brazilian regions about the audiovisual campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health on dengue, chikungunya and Zika in the period from 2014 to 2018. Methods: Qualitative research, which articulates bibliographic, documentary and action research. The collective participation in the debate between the subjects, who express themselves, listen to their peers and themselves through a reflective exercise, is associated with action research. Thematic content analysis was adopted. The recorded dialogues were transcribed, categorized and interpreted. Results: The following categories of analysis emerged: form of access to the content of communication campaigns; a esthetic nature of the analyzed messages; identification with the public, situations and campaign messages; and evaluation of the quality of the material in the fulfillment of its objectives. Conclusion: There was a need to decentralize communication actions, investing in interpersonal and community strategies considering local contexts. Danger alert is considered important in risky situations, but the involved communicators lack skills. The population understands that targeted campaigns are more effective, but they demand more informative and educational strategies for preventing arboviruses. (AU)

Objetivo: Comprender la comunicación en la prevención de arbovirus en Brasil a través del análisis de la percepción de las comunidades de 17 municipios de las cinco regiones brasileñas sobre las campañas audiovisuales realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud sobre dengue, chikungunya y Zika en el período de 2014. al 2018. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, que articula la investigación bibliográfica, documental y acción. La participación colectiva en el debate entre los sujetos, que se expresan, escuchan a sus pares y a sí mismos a través de un ejercicio reflexivo, está asociada a la investigación acción. Se adoptó el análisis de contenido temático. Los diálogos grabados fueron transcritos, categorizados e interpretados. Resultados: Surgieron las siguientes categorías de análisis: forma de acceso al contenido de las campañas de comunicación; naturaleza estética de los mensajes analizados; identificación con el público, situaciones y mensajes de campaña; y evaluación de la calidad del material en el cumplimiento de sus objetivos. Conclusion: Existía la necesidad de descentralizar las acciones de comunicación, invirtiendo en estrategias interpersonales y comunitarias considerando los contextos locales. La alerta de peligro se considera importante en situaciones de riesgo, pero los comunicadores involucrados carecen de habilidades. La población entiende que las campañas dirigidas son más efectivas, pero demandan estrategias más informativas y educativas para prevenir los arbovirus. (AU)